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Surface Free Energy Analysis
A more general approach to understanding a surface’s wettability is through surface free energy analysis. By measuring the contact angle formed by probe liquids with known surface tensions values, the surface free energy components are calculated using analysis models. Popular analysis models are acid-base, Kitazaki-Hata, Owens-Wendt, Kaelble-Uy, and Wu for expressing the work of adhesion term of the Young-Dupré theory. Additionally, knowing the contact angle and surface tension of the probe liquids leads to the critical surface tension using a Zisman Plot
Typical Experimental Results:
Contact angle measurement of water (left) and diiodomethane (right) for surface free energy
analysis of a metal plate
Surface Free Energy of Two Gelatin Samples
| Theory of Energy Analysis | Kaelble-Uy | Wu | Owens-Wendt | ||||||||
| Specimen | CA. (deg) | S.F.E. (mJ/m2) | S.F.E. (mJ/m2) | S.F.E. (mJ/m2) | |||||||
| Water | Methylene Iodide | d | p | Total | d | p | Total | d | h | Total | |
| Gelatin 1 | 87.5 | 57.5 | 26.9 | 3.7 | 30.6 | 24.5 | 8.6 | 33.1 | 27.5 | 3.6 | 31.1 |
| Gelatin 2 | 73.3 | 59.5 | 22.5 | 12.0 | 34.5 | 21.3 | 16.7 | 38.0 | 24.0 | 11.3 | 35.3 |
Applications:
| Acid-Base | Contact Angle from Probe Liquids | Dispersive Components |
| Gelatin | Hydrogen-Bond | Interfacial Free Energy |
| Kaelble-Uy | Kitazaki-Hata | Lifshitz-Van der Waals Components |
| Liquid/Liquid Interaction | Owens-Wendt | Polar Components |
| Rubber | Solid/Liquid Interaction | Solid/Solid Interaction |
| Surfactant Performance | Thin Films and Coatings | Work of Adhesion |
| Wu | Young-Dupre | Zisman Plot |
For more information please read our application notes.
Instruments: The DM-701 Fully Automatic Contact Angle Meter
Key Specifications:
| Resolution | 0.1° |
| Measure Range | 0-180° |
| Image Capture Device | CCD Camera at 60 FPS |
| Analysis Method | Half angle, circle, ellipse, tangent |
| Maximum Sample Size | 150x150x35mm |
| Maximum Sample Weight | 400g |
| Instrument Rotation | 90° |
| Stage Rotation | 360° |
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