DensityA fluid inside a glass U-tube will vibrate at a certain frequency depending on the mass and temperature. The measured frequency is compared to known calibration points for accurate results.
Dielectric ConstantA liquid’s dielectric constant which can be normalized to relative permittivity is a measure of its ability to store electrical energy. Dielectric constants for most pure liquids are well documented, those of mixtures and the effects of impurities are still being studied.
ICP-OESInductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) is an indispensable tool in the determination of elemental composition and concentration down to parts per billion levels in a wide range of sample types.
Refractive IndexRefractive index measurements are primarily used to quantitatively compare different samples. It is affected by parameters that are not so easily measured in other ways, such as concentration and purity.
RheologyRheology is a class of measurements for samples in a semi-solid or liquid phase that measures the flow dynamics, viscosity, shear force, and other mechanical properties.
Surface/Interfacial TensionTwo common methods to measure the surface tension and interfacial tension is through the Wilhelmy Plate method or the du Noüy Ring method. A high-resolution balance measures the force required to remove the probe from the liquid.
TurbidityTurbidity can be defined as the clarity or cloudiness of a liquid. Liquid samples can be comprised of many particles that can indicate the quality or properties of the sample.
ViscosityViscosity measurements are primarily used to quantitatively compare different samples. It is affected by parameters that are not easily measured in other ways, such as molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and even consistency between batches.